Pattern: '''Assign Variables Once'''

...this pattern helps complete the SimplyUnderstoodCode
pattern. This pattern helps solve the problem of relating a use or
reference to a variable to the place where its value is assigned.

                                * * *

If a variable is assigned twice, you might have trouble figuring out
which assignment provides the value at a particular use place, and
your inclination is to remember the last assignment you looked
at. This could lead to misunderstanding and incorrect changes to a
program.

Local variable names are frequently chosen to remind the code reader
of the purpose of the variable. Sometimes the quantity that a local
variable represents will change, and there will be a need to reassign
the variable.

But, suppose someone is reading that chunk of code later on and sees a
reference or use of the variable. If the variable has been assigned in
two places, the person will have trouble figuring out which assignment
is the one that the use will see. This problem is made worse if there
is a complicated control structure and the code reader is not scanning
the code in the order of control flow. The natural thing to do is to
remember the assignment you most recently saw. If the code's control
flow is top-to-bottom and you are reading top to bottom, there is less
of a problem, but confusion is still possible. And, the more complex
the code fragment - the more re-reading is necessary - the more likely
the wrong assignment will be associated with the use or reference.

Furthermore, the problem is made worse if the assignments and the uses
are not on the same page or screen.

''Therefore,'' Assign local variables only once, and, if possible, do that at the
place where the local variable is defined. Make sure these places all
fit on one page or screen. If you need to reassign a local variable,
try to make a new local variable with the same name and arrange for
the chunk of code containing its definition (and only assignment) and
its use to fit on one page or screen.

                                * * * 

This pattern is related to LocalVariablesDefinedAndUsedOnOnePage, LocalVariablesReassignedAboveTheirUses, MakeLoopsApparent, BuildLoopsYourself, and FunctionsForLoops.
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This should really be AssignVariablesOnceAndOnlyOnce. That is to say, a variable which is never assigned at all is bad news. I would give more emphasis to assigning at point of definition. Even better is to declare it as "const" (C++) or "final" (Java), so that the language enforces the rule. In fact, this idiom should be so common that it should be the default. That is, in a perfect language, all variables would be constant unless explicitly declared otherwise. -- DaveHarris
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This is FunctionalProgramming ... certainly a Good Thing in many ways, but as a C/C++/Perl programmer, I've become accustomed to variables that, well, vary. I think this pattern has gone too far, or needs some context and/or forces definition so we can figure how and when to apply it.  --PaulChisholm