Its roots are Boeing's process of ConfigurationManagement, and are a result of the US influence on Japanese manufacturing. I think KaiZen is a positive union of two cultures in the manufacturing process. There is a summary of it at http://www.1000ventures.com/business_guide/mgmt_kaizen_main.html. KaiZen is manual ContinuousImprovement. -- PeterLynch ---- ''Deleted text was contributed by a HardBan''''''ned individual after the HardBan came into effect, and was therefore deleted.''